Environmental sustainability - Part 1

1)   The first theme in developing “environmentally sustainable/ friendly/ sound/ preferable/ responsible”, “green”, “eco” supply chains is related to reduction of consumption. The simple equation behind this theme is that by reducing demand, supply will be reduced as well. Less consumption may lower: need for goods and services, depletion of carrying capacity of the World, and degradation of ecosystem services as well as natural resources.


2)   An obvious conclusion from the previous theme is that although consumption can be reduced, it cannot be omitted. As production and consumption of goods and services in the right condition [I will explain this later] can lead to emergence of innovative goods and services, the economy should instead become green. It is also impossible to eliminate the socioeconomic metabolism like need for food, materials, packages, energy, and [goods and passenger] transport services. A green economy can lead to optimization of consumption by increasing efficient utilization of resources and reducing waste.

Some measures for transition towards a green economy are mentioned below.

a)   Decoupling the economic growth from the increase in mobility by: developing knowledge-intensive and dematerialized/ weightless economy, exporting intellectual properties, localisation/ nearshoring for the branches which can be localised/ neareshored [otherwise taking advantage of free-trade and WTO for export and import], and increasing accessibility.

b)   Closing the loop of supply chains (closed-loop supply chains) by developing completely renewable [and carbon/ GHG neutral] energies/ basic industries as well as recyclable [and nontoxic] goods. Some examples of renewable energy resources are hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass [I will explain their implementation challenges later]. Reverse Logistics and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are some activities of closed-loop supply chains to mention.

c)   Developing clean technologies in different sectors of economy/ industries [which may reduce energy, emissions, and traffic intensities]. Some examples of such technologies are: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), decentralized fuel/ energy cells, lighter goods (nanotechnology and graphene), electrified infrastructure, driverless vehicles, smart grids, ICT, and virtual reality.

d)   Increasing productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness of economic activities through: de-speeding the supply chains, eco-design and manufacturing/ production, increasing fill-rates/ load factors and utilization of packaging systems as well as supply chains resources, increasing utilization of infrastructure capacity, consolidation centers, collective traffic for goods and passengers, reducing energy and emissions intensities of all modes of transport, eco-driving/ eco-sailing/ green-take off and approach, route planning/ optimization …
 

3) The third theme is related to adaptation which refers to those types of measures which may change environmental behaviour of supply chains’stakeholders/ agents in both short and long-terms. The nature of the measures can change over time. Stakeholders/ agents may change their behaviour reactively (top-down) and/ or proactively (bottom-up) both influencing and influenced by their surrounding environments (any type of environment).

Top-down changes can lead to compliance with environmental norms, legislations, and standards. They might be governed through: Market Mechanisms (subsidies and tax incentives, emissions trading schemes, tax on fossil fuels and GHG emissions, infrastructure charges/ tolls, congestion charging, vehicle license duty/ vehicle tax, public investment), Regulatory Mechanisms (environmental laws and standards, eco-labeling/ certification, technology-replacement schemes, environmental classification of vehicles, vehicle maintenance control, environmental zones, vehicle size/ length/ capacity/ weigh/ circulation/ idling/ access time restrictions, delivery time restrictions), and Normative Mechanisms (setting schemata and preferences, setting organizational goals/ visions and strategies).

On the other hand, bottom-up changes might be governed through Cognitive Mechanisms (information giving and advising, support for R&D/ innovation/ education/ training, incentives for entrepreneurs, demonstration projects, collaboration (alliance-building), taking initiatives like green procurement/ purchasing and green marketing, as well as voluntary environmental- calculations/ measurement/ footprints, benchmarking/ rating, monitoring, modelling, assessment/ evaluation, reporting).

In order to transform the supply chains towards environmental sustainability, a diverse and mixed packet of all the themes [with minimal antagonistic effects on each other] is essential.

The Road Ahead

Dear readers of this blog,

I hope you have started this year in health and wealth.

In the second phase of my PhD research journey, I am going to shed more light on sustainable development in context of supply chains (‘sustainable supply chains’) as well as LTH (‘sustainable LTH’). My intention is to explain: main themes in developing environmentally and socially sustainable supply chains/LTH, pattern of research-based challenges in developing sustainable supply chains, and reasonable propositions for tackling the challenges. As I am persuaded by the value of the complexity glasses, I am going to elaborate on ‘themes’, ‘challenges’, and ‘propositions’ out of a ‘complexity theory perspective’.

Although there are various definitions of sustainable development, my standpoint is what was popularized in Our Common Future - a report published by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) in 1987 - also known as Brundtland report: “development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Following the United Nations 2005 World Summit, sustainable development encompasses the interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of economic development (Profit), social development (People) and environmental protection (Planet). The three pillars or Ps of sustainable development are also called the ‘three bottom lines’ or ‘triple bottom lines’ (TBL or 3BL).

The purpose of sustainable development is to both sustain and sustainably develop all the triple bottom lines together. Sustainable development can be treated from both micro- and macro levels of economy and society. Although I am going to explain themes, challenges, and solutions out of a micro level of the economy (supply chains of a specific industry/corporation), they may also be relevant out of macro level (supply chains of the whole industries of a nation, a continent/region, or the entire world).

Complexity theory perspective - Part 2

A complexity theory perspective can be beneficial in studying the packet of strategies and activities for sustainable development of LTH as well. Such a perspective can enable us to:

·  Design different strategies and activities for development of education, research, employees, and infrastructure at the faculty.  

·  Analyze and learn from the dynamic economic, social, and [natural] environmental changes influenced by/influencing the strategies and activities. The changes can be considered from local and regional to national, continental, and global levels.

·  Acknowledge enough diversity of strategies and activities. Diversity can be traced in our education (first, second, and third cycles; commissionary; philanthropic), research (projects, competencies, excellence centers, scholarships), and employees (gender equality irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, sexual orientation, personal believes, disability, and age).

In addition, diversity can be considered in our communication and collaboration. It is important to communicate our strategies and activities through different channels like scientific journals, books, conferences, seminars, workshops, fairs and exhibitions, meetings, and media. We should also develop our capacity to collaborate with different stakeholders from academia, research and education organizations, industries, businesses, consultants, authorities, and so on.

·  Analyze the antagonistic effects of strategies and activities on each other as well as conflicts of a paradoxical character. Some examples of conflicts of a paradoxical character (i.e. existing at the same time) are: coopetition or horizontal collaboration (cooperation and competition at the same time), investment during recession, freedom/creativity and control/setting rules and restrictions, developing core competency and being multi- as well as inter disciplinary/holistic, centralization and decentralization of decision-making, internationalization and preserving the cultural heritage like the Swedish language.

·  Acknowledge enough freedom and decentralization of power at different departments as well as interactions among them. Although common values and strategies can be defined for whole of the faculty, each department should have enough freedom and power to design/re-design the most fitted strategies.

· Acknowledge the latest scientific methods of management of changes in complex systems. Such methods propose that for example: changes can be both bottom-up and top-down, the effects of changes may be nonlinear, the values emerge by interactions among the agents without direct control, everything cannot be completely regulatory (we cannot set a rule for every activity), reality is anti-positivistic (do not expect that all agents behave rationally, deterministically, and stably in a same way), reality is subjective (do not prejudge; wait until a pattern of behavior be identified).

A complex system functions better when it is non-hierarchical/flat (minimum bureaucratic processes, informal and trustful relations among the motivated agents, decentralized power of decision making) and avoids reductionism (taking responsibility for development of all its agents, solving the problems and tackling the challenges instead of erasing/ignoring/simplifying them).

Complexity theory perspective - Part 1

Since the beginning of my PhD research journey, I have intended to use this blog as a platform to persuade you that a complexity theory perspective can be beneficial in managing, governing, and sustainably developing complex systems.

Complexity theory is the scientific theory of change and transformation of complex systems. A complexity theory perspective reflects why, what, and how changes in a complex system and its surrounding environments occur and co-influence each other; the openness of the system and its boundaries; learning as well as innovative capacities of the system in time, and considers the nonlinear dynamics of system's interrelationships/ interconnections and existing paradoxes. Without such a perspective, management of agents of complex systems becomes completely regulatory, completely objectivist, hierarchical, linear, reductionist, and positivist.

A complexity theory perspective can be beneficial in studying the packet of strategies and activities for sustainable transition/ development/ evolution of supply chains and LTH. In context of  supply chains, this perspective can enable us to:

·  Take a more holistic view on different strategies and activities and then selecting those which are most appropriate for each type of supply chains

·  Analyze antagonistic effects of strategies and activities on each other and recognize conflicts of a paradoxical character existing in supply chains

·  Analyze the changes influenced by/influencing the strategies and activities

·  Avoid too much simplification of the systems; i.e. run them at the edge of chaos where enough diversity and freedom, among the sub-systems, for sake of self-organization is appreciated. This can lead to evolutionary sustainability and innovation if conducted with an appropriate organizational culture

·  Design and re-design the transition paths for each type of supply chains. Differences among different industries have led to different supply chains network structures, services, and logistical flows among them. In addition, supply chains are influenced by different types of natural and human resources as well as social context in which they operate. Supply chains may even nonlinearly develop vertically and/or horizontally at different stages of time. As a result, the transition path towards sustainability might be different for different supply chains or even for one supply chain in different periods of time.

Openness

Complex systems are open systems which interact with their surrounding environment. However, it may be difficult to define clear borders around complex systems. In other words, the boundaries among the subsystems as well as between the system and its surrounding environment may dynamically change due to continuous flows of information and resources passing through them.

Although it might be easy to define clear border among tangible resources at LTH (like buildings, laboratories, workshops, and equipment), it is difficult to do so for intangible resources (like brand, reputation, culture, knowledge, skills, motivation, and capacity for communication and collaboration). These are we (the agents of LTH) and our interactions that dynamically determine the state of intangible resources at LTH. As intangible resources are borderless, LTH is borderless, too.

Supply chains are open systems with continuous flows of goods, resources, information, and finance passing through them. Flows of goods relate to huge amounts of materials and products (raw materials, in-process and finished products) as well as packages (primary, secondary, and tertiary) moving across networks of supply chains. There are also significant numbers of movable resources like humans and machines (unit loads and cargo carriers, vehicles, robots, machineries, etc.). Supply chains are also open to both horizontal and vertical flows of data and information as well as finance passing through them. This openness makes the supply chains dynamic and able to self-organize.

Due to, for example, division of labor and knowledge, economy of scope, economy of scale, market diversification, e-business, free trade, offshoring/outsourcing, and globalization of labor force, supply chains are evolving globally both horizontally and vertically. As a result, it is very difficult to define exact border for supply chains.

As supply chains are open systems with continuous flows through them from the entire globe, global governing rules and policies are required. Although tougher national regulations (rules and policies) can be defined, international regulation are also required. For example, introducing GHG emissions taxes or eco-labeling should become global to make the price and trade of exported/imported goods as well as services fare.

Nonlinearity

Another difference between complicated and complex systems is the nature of interactions among their subsystems. The former have only linear while the latter have both linear and nonlinear interactions. Nonlinearity means that causes (inputs) are not directly proportional to their effects (outputs). Big changes can have little or no effect while small changes can have drastic effects over a period of time.
Interactions in complex systems are also sensitive to their initial or starting conditions, their current context, and the history of the subsystems.

By analogy, nonlinear side effects of decisions (strategies) and actions (operations) at LTH should be taken into account. For example, small investment on research areas / core competencies as well as interactions among them over a period of time can lead to huge ROI (return on investment) in the future. The effect of increasing ROI can be seen when, for example, more patents are registered; new jobs are created; and the knowledge is exported.

There are also research-based evidences of nonlinearities in the supply chains. ‘Bullwhip effect’ is a good example of such nonlinearities. The bullwhip effect describes how tiny initial shifts downstream in supply chains (like customer demand or order quantity) can result in upstream chaotic and extreme events via dynamical nonlinear processes.
Another example is the tremendous reduction of transport and traffic intensity and as a result negative environmental impacts by small changes in dimensions and materials of packages. A further example is nonlinear relation between vehicles’ speed and fuel consumption in transportation.

The first lesson for governing transformative transition of supply chains and logistics towards sustainability is to understand the nonlinear effects of governing rules and policies. Some todays’ decisions and actions may have high consequences on future decisions and actions. For example, decision about investment on logistical infrastructure or design of supply chains may have long-term effects on future of supply chains operations. Although study of all nonlinear consequences (effects) of today’s sustainability oriented decisions and actions (causes) might be difficult, some tools like scenario analysis and agent-based modeling can be helpful.
The second lesson is to implement rules and policies that may have a larger consequence than others. For example, it is expected that several new clean technologies needed for greening the transport, infrastructures, production, and base industry be introduced by 2020 (in the transformation phase of growth cycle). After 2020 (in the rationalization phase of growth cycle), governing rules and policies should be defined which encourage implementation of those clean technologies that may have the largest consequence beyond greening (i.e. job creation, safety and security, etc.).

Co-adaptation and Co-evolution

A Complex Adaptive System (CAS) both reacts to and creates its surrounding environment. In other words, changes in the system both shape and are shaped by changes in the environment. Dynamic interaction/relationship between the system and its environment – in addition to dynamic interaction among the subsystems – take us from issues of simple adaptation and evolution to issues of co-adaptation and co-evolution. Schemata of CAS co-adapt and co-evolve with schemata of its surrounding environment.

That’s due to belief in co-adaptation that LTH, in line with the third mission of Lund University, has very close collaboration with its surrounding environment like industries/businesses, organizations, and society in general. New schemata (like strategies, regulations, technologies, and infrastructures) of the surrounding environment influence the schemata of LTH. On the other hand, the schemata of LTH also influence those of its surrounding environment.
That’s why education and research at LTH is both theoretical and practical (applicable by surrounding environment). We follow the seal of the Lund University; "Ad utrumque: Prepared for both"! It has also been formulated by university as: Förstå (Understand), Förklara (Explain), and Förbättra (Improve)! Our understandings, explanations, and improvements at LTH both change and are changed by those of our surrounding environment.

However, increasing the diversity of collaboration may open the doors to co-evolution. Diversity can happen by: collaboration with different types of industries/businesses and organizations; horizontal collaboration with different universities; collaboration with different types of people; and collaboration at different local, regional, national, continental, and global levels. The art is to make an optimal diversity and collaboration among resources, courses, and research groups/projects.

Changes in the supply chains also both shape and are shaped by changes in the surrounding environments. Surrounding may relate to natural-, organizational-, business-, or social environments. Supply and demand for goods and services in the surrounding environments shape the supply chains. Supply chains are also shaped by available infrastructures, technologies, resources, as well as surrounding natural environments. On the other hand, changes in supply chains like launching new products and services re-shape the existing surrounding environments.

The new schemata for governing sustainable supply chains should encourage adaptation of emerging sustainability oriented technologies, norms, and behavior. Sustainability schemas of supply chains co-adapt and co-evolve with increasingly emerging clean- technologies, services, infrastructures, and regulations.